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神经科学对于公平与不公平的解释(中英文对照)
作者: 来源: 日期: 2014-08-24 点击数: 135
The Neuroscience of Fairness and Injustice | Psychology Today
神经科学对于公平与不公平的解释
abstract
How Our Brains Are Wired to Resist Unfair Treatment By Melanie Greenberg, Ph.D....
索引
我们的大脑怎样自动去抵制不公平的对待

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Humans are inherently social beings. We care not only ab0ut material and financial rewards, but also ab0ut social status, belonging, and respect. Research studies show that our brains automatically eva1uate the fairness of how financial rewards are distributed. We seem to have ahappinessresponse to fair treatment and a disgust or protest response to unfairness. This brainwiring has implications for life happiness, relationship satisfaction, raising kids, and organizationalleadership. This article will examine how we define fairness, how your brain processes experiences of fairness and unfairness, and how to cope with life’s unfair moments..
人类天生就是种社会化动物。人们不光关心物质财富的回报,也在乎社会地会、归属感以及被人尊重等精神层面。
调查研究表明我们的大脑会自动评判财富分配的是否公平。我们似乎乐于接受公平的对待,厌恶反感不公的待遇。这种大脑的连接对诸如生活的幸福感,人际关系的满意度,抚养子女,组织的领导力等方面都产生潜移默化的影响。本文审视了我们如何定义公平,我们的大脑如何处理生活中的公平与不公的遭遇,以及如何对待生活中遇到的不公。
**What Is Fairness? **
究竟什么是公平?
Your perception of fairness may differ, depending on your culture, the situation, or our personal values and preferences. You may define fairness as one or more of the following:
个人对公平的感觉不同,取决于人们的文化背景、所处的环境。亦或是个人的价值观和喜好。人们可能对公平有以下一种或集中的定义:
Equity: Everyone is treated the same and has to play by the same rules. Or, everyone gets an equal share of the pie.
公正:每个人都被同等的对待,遵守相同的规则,并且收入也都是平等的。
Fair Compensation For Effort: Those who work harder or make a more substantial contribution are entitled to a greater share of the proceeds.
努力的结果公平:工作更努力的或者作出更多实质性贡献的人有资格获得更多的收入。
Social Good:Those who are at a disadvantage because of poverty,discrimination, or disability are allowed to have some extra help or compensation so as to level the playing field.
社会财富方面:允许因贫穷,歧视,或身体残疾产生的弱势群体获得额外的帮助和补偿,以拉近收入公平。
Consequences for Acting Unfairly:Those who don’t play by the rules – lie, cheat, or take unfair advantage are punished or banned from the group.
不公平所要付出的代价:不遵守规则的人,那些说谎、欺骗、占人便宜的人或行为将受到处罚和取缔。
Which definition you choose will depend on your basic values and worldview. Do we have an obligation to look after those who can’t look after themselves? If everyone is given the same reward, is this unfair to those who contributed more? If we can’t contribute as much as someone else, because ofgeneticsor life circumstances, do they nevertheless deserve an equal share of the pie? Who gets to decide how resources and responsibilities are delegated? And what is the comparison group we should use to decide if things are fair? People of the same age and gender, those working for the same employer, living in the same neighborhood, citizens of our country, or all human beings?
Regardless of how you view fairness, if you are human, you will inevitably be subjected to some behavior or event that you perceive as unfair. And, as you will see below, your brain will have a wired in reaction to this perceived inequity.
你怎么定义公平取决于你的价值观和世界观。我们有义务照顾那些不能照顾他们自己的人吗?若每个人都给予相同的回报,对付出更多的人是否不公平呢?如果因为我的先天条件或所处环境让我们能做的本身就很少,然而我们还应得到一份公平的回报吗?谁来分配资源和责任?我们该拿什么作为判断事情是否公平的参照组?是相同年龄和性别的人?他们要工作在一个地方,住在同一个城市,一个社区的本国的居民,或者还是所有人?
无论你怎么看待公平、只要你是个人,你将不可避免的遇到你认为不公平的行为或者事情。正如下面你将看到的,你的大脑会自动地对你所感知的不公作出反映。
How Our Brains Respond to Fairness and Unfairness
我们的大脑对是否不公如何作出反映
Researcher Matthew Lieberman and his colleagues at the University of California Los Angeles have developed a clever paradigm to study our reactions to fair or unfair treatment. Research participants play a game called _Ultimatum_in which one player (proposer) is given a sum of money (e.g. $10.00) and asked to split it with a second player (target) at a rate that both can agree on. If the target refuses the offer, both get nothing. At the same time, the target’s brain is scanned by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine that can detect dynamic brain processes in real-time.
洛杉矶的研究员马修和他的同事已经开发出了一种智能模式,用于研究人们对于是否公平的反映。研究参与者们要做一个叫最后通牒的实验。实验中参与者被给予一些钱(像10美元),他们被要求把这些钱分给实验目标,不过双方都要对分配是数目达成一致。如果目标人不同意一种分配,双方什么也得不到。同时,功能磁共振成像仪扫描实验目标的大脑,实时侦测动脑活动的动态。
Pure financial self-interest would suggest that the target accept any offer greater than zero, no matter how unfair. In reality, most people reject offers that are in the unfair range (less than 20-30% of the total). When offered their fair share of the money, reward centers of the target’s brain lit up, specifically the ventral striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). These areas a4re associated with automatic, reactions, rather than learned responses.
真正利己的经济活动应该是无论公平与否,只要能得到回报就行。事实上,大多数人拒绝了不公平的分配(低于总数的20%到30%)。而得到他们认为公平的份额后,实验目标脑中的回馈中心开始活动,像腹侧纹状体、杏仁体、眶额叶皮层、腹正中前额皮质的运动则特别明显。这些区域的反映是自发的凭直觉的,而不是后天习得的。
Unfair offers, on the other hand, resulted in activity in the anterior insula – an area associated with contempt or disgust reactions to bad tastes or smells. The more this area lit up, the greater the likelihood of the target rejecting the offer. These results held even when the financial value of the reward was kept constant. In other words, an offer of $2.00 elicited more happiness and fewer aversive reactions when the total amount was $4.00 versus $10.00. In another study, targets were given the opportunity to fine those who made unfair offers (but not get any additional money themselves) and showed activity in the caudate nucleus of the brain when they did this.
另外,不公平的遭遇引发了人们前脑岛的运动—这个区域与人们对一些糟糕的味道和气味的所表现出的蔑视厌恶的反映有关。这个活动的越频繁,实验对象拒绝不公平分配的可能性就越大。这个结果是建立在在获得的钱数保持不变的基础上的。换言之,一共只有4美元,你还给实验对象2美元(而不是10美元),他将获得更多的幸福感,厌恶的情绪也随之减少。另一项研究中,实验对象可以罚不公平提议者的钱(他们自己不会得到额外收入),实验中大脑的尾状核心会处于活动状态。
These studies remind me of Viktor Frankl’s observations ab0ut his concentrationcamp experiences in his bookMan’s Search for Meaning. When beaten by guards or punished severely for no reason or minor infractions, he found the emotional pain andhumiliationof unfair treatment almost harder to bear than the physical pain of being beaten. Taken together, these stories and the research results show that unfair treatment seems to be intrinsically aversive and fair treatment inherently pleasurable. Perhaps to our ancestors in tribal times, being treated fairly meant they were accepted by the tribe and would be protected and given access to resources, whereas unfair treatment put their survival at risk – they could get thrown out or not get fed.
这些研究让我想起了维克多的小说《活出意义来》所描写的集中营中的场景。小说中囚犯们没有任何原因或者因为一点小事就被守卫毒打惩罚,他们觉得这种不公所带来对情感的刺痛和羞辱甚至比身体上的疼动更难以忍受。总之,这些故事和研究成果告诉我们,人们似乎天生就厌恶不公喜好公平。也许对我们远古的祖先而言,公平的对待意味着他们为部落接纳,可以得到保护,获取资源,而不公的对待则会将他们推向死亡的边缘---他们会被部落抛弃或者没有吃的。
How To Cope With Unfairness?**
怎样去对待不公呢?
It is a fact of life that we will all be subject to random unpleasantness or obstacles at some point. Whether it’s an umbrella that blows away, a fender bender, a boss who doesn’t see your worth, a sudden illness, or a partner who cheats, you will likely feel unfairly disadvantaged and your brain will start signaling that it’s not happy. If these feelings of victimization are left to fester, you may end up with a clinical depression or become a chronic complainer. It’s better to take a more active approach and eva1uate whether the unfair situation is something out of your control or a situation you can do something ab0ut and how much energy you want to invest.
生活就是这样,在某刻我们总会遇到一些不如意或者阻碍。无论是被风吹跑的伞,小车祸,老板看不到你的价值,突发的疾病还是朋友的欺骗,你可能都会觉得不公,你的大脑也将发出不愉快的信号。若是这种感觉进一步恶化,你可能会患上忧郁症或者成为一个习惯性的发牢骚的人。这时,你最好积极一些,去分析一下不公的情况是否是自己不能控制的,还是你可以作一些事情来改变不公呢,并且你打算付出多少精力呢。
Once you have an action plan or decide to just let it go, you can use the following strategies to dampen fruitless ruminations ab0ut unfairness:
一旦你有了行动计划或者打算就这么顺其自然,你可以尝试一下几种方法来消除对不公的无谓思考。
Change your thinking– life has an element of randomness and uncontrollable suffering that everybody experiences at some point.
改变想法----生活就是这样,总会包含各种偶然的无法控制的不如意,这是每个人某一刻都会经历到的
Find the lesson in the situation and let the rest go. Maybe you could pay more attention next time or speak up earlier.
找出失败的教训,至于其他的,就顺其自然。下次你或许会更投入或者早些发现错误。
_Direct compassion to yourself_for your suffering and focus actively on self-care.
对自己善良点,学会积极地自我治愈,克服苦难。
_Deliberately focus on the positive_things in your life, such as your achievements, the activities you enjoy, or the people who love you. Write agratitudediary.
积极阳光一点。想一想生活中好的一面,诸如你的成就,你喜欢的运功以及爱你的人们。写篇感恩日记吧。
Although it may be true that the situation is unfair, it’s not helpful to keep focusing on it. Instead, put energy into areas of life where you have more control and you will eventually see rewards for your hard work.
社会也许就是不公的,死盯着不放也没用。相反,把更多的精力投入到你能控制的领域,最后你将会发现天道酬勤。 


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